Characterizing Seasonal Radial Growth Dynamics of Balsam Fir in a Cold Environment Using Continuous Dendrometric Data: A Case Study in a 12-Year Soil Warming Experiment.

Historical temperature records reveal that the boreal forest has been subjected to a significant lengthening of the thermal growing season since the middle of the last century, and climate models predict that this lengthening will continue in the future. Nevertheless, the potential phenological response of trees to changes in growing season length remains relatively undocumented, particularly for evergreen boreal tree species growing in cold environments. Here, we used the recently defined zero growth (ZG) concept to extract and characterize the metrics of seasonal radial growth dynamics for 12 balsam fir trees subjected to a 12-year soil warming experiment using high resolution radius dendrometer measurements. The ZG concept provides an accurate determination of growth seasonality (onset, cessation, duration, growth rates, and total growth) for these slow-growing trees characterized by significant shrinkage in tree diameter due to dehydration in the winter. Our analysis revealed that, on average, growth onset starts at day 152 ± 7 (±1 SE, 31 May-1 June) and ceases at day 244 ± 27 (31 August-1 September), for a growing season duration of about 3 months (93 ± 26 days) over a 12-year period. Growing season duration is mainly determined by growth cessation, while growth onset varies little between years. A large part (80%) of the total growth occurs in the first 50 days of the growing season. Given the dynamics of growth, early growth cessation (shorter growing season) results in a higher average seasonal growth rate, meaning that longer growing seasons are not necessarily associated with greater tree growth. Soil warming induces earlier growth cessation, but increases the mean tree growth rate by 18.1% and the total annual growth by 9.1%, on average, as compared to the control trees. Our results suggest that a higher soil temperature for warmed trees contributes to providing better growth conditions and higher growth rates in the early growing season, when the soil temperature is low and the soil water content is elevated because of snowmelt. Attaining a critical soil temperature earlier, coupled with lower soil water content, may have contributed to the earlier growth cessation and shorter growing season of warmed trees.

Exposure radius of a local coal mine in an Arctic coastal system; correlation between PAHs and mercury as a marker for a local mercury source.

Mercury in the Arctic originates from emissions and releases at lower latitudes and, to a lesser extent, from local and regional sources. The relationship between mercury (Hg) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment can be applied as an indicator of the mercury source. This research examines the Hg contamination gradient from a land-based coal mine to the surrounding coastal environment to quantify the impact of local sources. Total mercury and PAH (Σ14PAH) were measured in terrestrial and marine sediments as well as in marine biota. Samples were collected at the mine and two reference sites. Mercury and Σ14PAH concentrations in samples collected at the mine site were significantly higher than those at the reference sites. This was also found in the biota samples, although less pronounced. This work addresses the complexities of interpreting data concerning very low contaminant levels in a relatively pristine environment. A clear correlation between PAH and Hg concentration in sediment was found, although a large number of samples had levels below detection limits. PAH profiles, hierarchical clustering, and molecular diagnostic ratios provided further insight into the origin of PAHs and Hg, showing that signatures in sediments from the nearest reference site were more similar to the mine, which was not the case for the other reference site. The observed exposure radius from the mine was small and diluted from land to water to marine biota. Due to low contamination levels and variable PAH profiles, marine biota was less suitable for tracing the exposure radius for this local land-based Hg source. With an expected increase in mobility and availability of contaminants in the warming Arctic, changes in input of PAHs and Hg from land-based sources to the marine system need close monitoring.

Indirect 3D printing technology for the fabrication of customised ß-TCP/chitosan scaffold with the shape of rabbit radial head-an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: With the development of indirect three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, it is possible to customise individual scaffolds to be used in bone transplantation and regeneration. In addition, materials previously limited to the 3D printing (3DP) process due to their own characteristics can also be used well in indirect 3DP. In this study, customised ß-TCP/chitosan scaffolds with the shape of rabbit radial head were produced by indirect 3D printing technology. METHODS: Swelling ability, porosity, mechanical characterisation, and degradation rate analysis were performed, and in vitro studies were also implemented to evaluate the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the scaffolds. CCK8 cell proliferation assay kit and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining solution were used to study cell proliferation and early ALP content at the scaffold surface. Moreover, the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs on scaffolds was also evaluated through the scanning electron microscopy analysis. RESULTS: ß-TCP/chitosan scaffold has good performance and degradation rate, and in vitro cell experiments also confirm that the scaffold has adequate cytocompatibility and bioactivity. CONCLUSION: This study provides a promising new strategy for the design of customised scaffolds for the repair of complex damaged tissues.

EWSR1-NFATC2 Translocation-associated Sarcoma Clinicopathologic Findings in a Rare Aggressive Primary Bone or Soft Tissue Tumor.

In recent years, a novel small round cell sarcoma harboring EWSR1-NFATC2 translocation with immunomorphologic overlap with Ewing sarcoma (ES), myoepithelial tumors, and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma has emerged. There has not been a case series devoted to describing its detailed clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics. Six sarcomas harboring EWSR1-NFATC2 fusion transcripts by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and amplification of the fusion gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization were identified. The patients were 5 adult men and 1 adult woman. Three were primary bone tumors of the radius and 3 were primary soft tissue tumors. Most tumors showed monomorphic round to epithelioid cells in anastomosing cords and abundant myxohyaline to collagenous extracellular matrix. Two tumors had large areas of a solid, matrix-poor histomorphology. All tumors stained for CD99 and NKX2.2; while EMA, dot-like cytokeratin, and focal WT-1 and SMA were present in some tumors. All but 1 tumor showed poor histologic and radiologic responses to neoadjuvant ES-specific chemotherapy. Local or distant recurrences happened in 4 cases. EWSR1-NFATC2 sarcoma is a novel translocation-associated sarcoma. It presents as either a primary bone or soft tissue tumor, usually exhibits distinctive histopathologic features, and has predilection for long bones of adult men. It consistently shows recurrent fusion gene amplification readily detectable by EWSR1 breakapart fluorescence in situ hybridization, which serves as a diagnostic surrogate. It has potential for local and distant recurrence and histologic progression, and is resistant to Ewing sarcoma-specific chemotherapy.

Study of Absorption Characteristics of the Total Saponins from Radix Ilicis Pubescentis in an In Situ Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion (SPIP) Rat Model by Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC).

In contrast to the extensively reported therapeutic activities, far less attention has been paid to the intestinal absorption of the total saponins from Radix Ilicis Pubescentis (in Chinese Mao-Dong-Qing, MDQ). This study aimed to investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics of ilexgenin A (C1), ilexsaponin A1 (C2), ilexsaponin B1 (C3), ilexsaponin B2 (C4), ilexsaponin B3 (DC1), and ilexoside O (DC2) when administrated with the total saponins from MDQ (MDQ-TS). An UPLC method for simultaneous determination of C1, C2, C3, C4, DC1, and DC2 in intestinal outflow perfusate was developed and validated. The absorption characteristics of MDQ-TS were investigated by evaluating the effects of intestinal segments, drug concentration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor (verapomil), endocytosis inhibitor (amantadine) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, tight junction modulator) on the intestinal transportation of MDQ-TS by using a single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) rat model, and the influence of co-existing components on the intestinal transport of the six saponins was discussed. The results showed that effective apparent permeability (Papp) of C1, C2, C3, C4, and DC2 administrated in MDQ-TS form had no segment-dependent changes at low and middle dosage levels. C1, C2, C3, D4, DC1, and DC2 administrated in MDQ-TS form all exhibited excellent transmembrane permeability with Papp > 0.12 × 10-2 cm·min-1. Meanwhile, Papp and effective absorption rate constant (Ka) values for the most saponins showed concentration dependence and saturation characteristics. After combining with P-gp inhibitor of verapamil, Papp of C2, C3, and DC1 in MDQ-TS group was significantly increased up to about 2.3-fold, 1.4-fold, and 3.4-fold, respectively in comparison to that of non-verapamil added group. Verapamil was found to improve the absorption of C2, C3, and DC1, indicating the involvement of an active transport mechanism in the absorption process. Compared with the non-amantadine added group, the absorption of C1, C2, C4, DC1, and DC2 were decreased by 40%, 71%, 31%, 53%, and 100%, respectively. Papp for the six target compounds increased up to about 1.2-2.1-fold in comparison with the non-EDTA added, respectively. The gastrointestinal transport of MDQ-TS could be greatly promoted by EDTA, and inhibited by amantadine, implying that the intestinal absorption of MDQ-TS was by passive diffusion and endocytosis process. Compared with monomer administration group, the intestinal absorption of C3, C4, DC1, and DC2 was significantly improved by co-existing components in MDQ-TS, and the non-absorbable saponins of C4, DC1, and DC2 unexpectedly showed sufficient intestinal permeability with Papp > 0.12 × 10-2 cm·min-1. This suggested that compounds orally administrated in TCM extract forms displayed unique intestinal absorption characteristics different from those of monomers, and the enhancing intestinal absorption of MDQ-TS reflected a holistic and specific view of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs).

The association between lean mass and bone mineral content in the high disease activity group of adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

BACKGROUND: The study is aimed to evaluate body composition and bone status in adolescent and adult patients with active juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) untreated with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. METHODS: Adult patients (12 male and 19 female) with active JIA and 84 healthy age- and gender- matched controls were enrolled into the study. Body composition (tissue mass in grams, lean mass, fat mass and bone mineral content as a fraction of tissue mass) and areal bone mineral density parameters (aBMD) at the lumbar spine, proximal femur, femoral neck, distal radius and total body were assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and correlated with clinical characteristics of the disease and physical performance tests. Disease activity was assessed using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and disease activity score 28 (DAS 28). Differences between the groups were tested by t-test, and One-way ANOVA. Correlations were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis. Significances were counted at the 0.05 level. RESULTS: In patients with clinically active JIA (DAS 28, 6.36 ± 0.64, hsCRP, 18.36 ± 16.95 mg/l), aBMD at all measured sites, bone mineral content (BMC) and lean mass were reduced, and fat mass was increased as compared with healthy controls. Significant negative correlations were observed between BMC and disease duration, use of glucocorticoids (GCs), and fat mass, respectively. A positive correlation was found between BMC and lean mass, and between the body fat fraction and the use of GCs. Using multiple linear regression analysis, lean mass was the only significant predictor of BMC of total body both in men and women, and of BMC of legs (only in men). Lean mass was also the only predicting factor of total proximal femur BMD and femoral neck BMD. No significant correlations have been determined among the body composition parameters and DAS 28 or hsCRP endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: In adult patients with long-term active JIA, lean mass was the main determining factor of total body and leg BMC, and total proximal femur and femoral neck aBMD.

Enhancing the bioactivity of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold with a nano-hydroxyapatite coating for the treatment of segmental bone defect in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is excellent as a scaffolding matrix due to feasibility of processing and tunable biodegradability, yet the virgin scaffolds lack osteoconduction and osteoinduction. In this study, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was coated on the interior surfaces of PLGA scaffolds in order to facilitate in vivo bone defect restoration using biomimetic ceramics while keeping the polyester skeleton of the scaffolds. METHODS: PLGA porous scaffolds were prepared and surface modification was carried out by incubation in modified simulated body fluids. The nHA coated PLGA scaffolds were compared to the virgin PLGA scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo. Viability and proliferation rate of bone marrow stromal cells of rabbits were examined. The constructs of scaffolds and autogenous bone marrow stromal cells were implanted into the segmental bone defect in the rabbit model, and the bone regeneration effects were observed. RESULTS: In contrast to the relative smooth pore surface of the virgin PLGA scaffold, a biomimetic hierarchical nanostructure was found on the surface of the interior pores of the nHA coated PLGA scaffolds by scanning electron microscopy. Both the viability and proliferation rate of the cells seeded in nHA coated PLGA scaffolds were higher than those in PLGA scaffolds. For bone defect repairing, the radius defects had, after 12 weeks implantation of nHA coated PLGA scaffolds, completely recuperated with significantly better bone formation than in the group of virgin PLGA scaffolds, as shown by X-ray, Micro-computerized tomography and histological examinations. CONCLUSION: nHA coating on the interior pore surfaces can significantly improve the bioactivity of PLGA porous scaffolds.

Nocturnal oxytocin secretion is lower in amenorrheic athletes than nonathletes and associated with bone microarchitecture and finite element analysis parameters.

OBJECTIVE: Preclinical data indicate that oxytocin, a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted into the peripheral circulation, is anabolic to bone. Oxytocin knockout mice have severe osteoporosis, and administration of oxytocin improves bone microarchitecture in these mice. Data suggest that exercise may modify oxytocin secretion, but this has not been studied in athletes in relation to bone. We therefore investigated oxytocin secretion and its association with bone microarchitecture and strength in young female athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 45 females, 14-21 years (15 amenorrheic athletes (AA), 15 eumenorrheic athletes (EA), and 15 nonathletes (NA)), of comparable bone age and BMI. METHODS: We used high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT to assess bone microarchitecture and finite element analysis to estimate bone strength at the weight-bearing distal tibia and non-weight-bearing ultradistal radius. Serum samples were obtained every 60  min, 2300-0700  h, and pooled for an integrated measure of nocturnal oxytocin secretion. Midnight and 0700  h samples were used to assess diurnal variation of oxytocin. RESULTS: Nocturnal oxytocin levels were lower in AA and EA than in NA. After controlling for estradiol, the difference in nocturnal oxytocin between AA and NA remained significant. Midnight and 0700  h oxytocin levels did not differ between groups. At the tibia and radius, AA had impaired microarchitecture compared with NA. In AA, nocturnal oxytocin correlated strongly with trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, particularly at the non-weight-bearing radius. In regression models that include known predictors of microarchitecture in AA, oxytocin accounted for a substantial portion of the variability in microarchitectural and strength parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Nocturnal oxytocin secretion is low in AA compared with NA and associated with site-dependent microarchitectural parameters. Oxytocin may contribute to hypoestrogenemic bone loss in AA.

Detection of metal residues on bone using SEM-EDS--part II: Sharp force injury.

Scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) is extensively seen in the literature for the improvement of the macroscopic analysis of sharp lesions, but very few indications concerning its real potential in the forensic context, particularly in forensic anthropology, are at the moment available. This paper represents a pilot study for the analysis of the behaviour of metallic residues found on bone after sharp force injury. Fourteen lesions were made on human bone (radius), cleaned of all soft tissues, with seven different sharp tools (three metal instruments, three metal saws and a baked-clay knife). Tools and lesions underwent SEM-EDS. From 3 to 18 particles were detected on each lesion, whose diameter was included between 0.5 and 150 µm. In 58% of cases, particle composition was concordant with the instrument used. The results seem to suggest that sharp force injury frequently leaves relatively few residues on bone, particularly in the case of common types of metal. Saws showed slightly more contamination with other residues than knives, which may be explained by the capability of the saw's teeth to retain the residues of previously encountered material. In addition, metal residues related to the tool used to cut the bone were located on the edges/walls of lesions in the case of saw marks, whereas they were more frequently found on the kerf floor in the case of knives/scissors, with the exception of the baked clay knife which when it leaves residues at all, seemed to leave them equally divided between the floor, the edges and the surrounding bone.

Cortical consolidation of the radius and tibia in young men and women.

CONTEXT: Bone size, geometry, density, and microarchitecture are important determinants of bone strength. By understanding how these properties change during skeletal development, we can better understand bone fragility. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the geometry, microarchitecture, and strength of the radius and tibia in men and women at the end of adolescence and in young adulthood and to relate these properties to biochemical bone turnover markers and bone regulatory hormones. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 116 healthy men and women ages 16-18 (n = 56) and 30-32 (n = 60) yr. OUTCOME MEASURES: We used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography to measure bone size, geometry, and microarchitecture at the distal radius and tibia and micro-finite element modeling to estimate bone strength. We measured bone turnover markers (ß C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen) and hormones known to affect bone metabolism (estradiol, testosterone, IGF-I, and PTH). RESULTS: Bone strength was greater in men than in women, and at the radius it was greater in men ages 30-32 yr than ages 16-18 yr. The gender difference was due to greater cortical perimeter, trabecular area, and trabecular density in men. The age difference was due to greater cortical thickness and cortical tissue mineral density and lower cortical porosity. IGF-I was related to two of these five key properties at the radius (cortical perimeter and cortical thickness). None of the hormones were predictors of density or structure at the tibia. CONCLUSIONS: Cortical modeling of long bones continues beyond the end of adolescence. IGF-I may be a determinant of this process at the radius.

Association between ghrelin levels and BMD: a cross sectional trial.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine whether the level of plasma total ghrelin varies with the menopause stage (pre-, peri-, and postmenopause). PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Women were divided in three groups: premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal. All participants had bone mineral densitometry and blood assay of plasma ghrelin, estradiol E2. Correlation between plasma ghrelin levels, their reproductive status and BMD was done. RESULTS: The mean plasma level of ghrelin was significantly decreased in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups in comparison to the premenopausal group. A significant positive correlation was found between ghrelin and each of E2 and BMD (at one or more of the three sites assessed) in all subjects, as well as, in peri- and postmenopausal women, whereas a significant negative correlation was found between ghrelin and FSH. CONCLUSION: It may be assumed that ghrelin can affect BMD. Whether ghrelin and estrogen work independent or through convergent mechanisms needs further studies.

Comparison of bones of 4 strains of laying hens kept in conventional cages and floor pens.

The maintenance of bone strength has been an important issue in the debate over cage use for laying hens. Bone strength depends on adequate mechanical load and cages restrict movement. Four laying crosses (Lohmann White, Lohmann Brown, H&N White, and Rhode Island Red × Barred Plymouth Rock cross hens) were housed in conventional cages or in floor pens equipped with perches and nest boxes to measure the effect of the housing system on bone strength. Approximately 15 hens of each genotype from each housing system were killed at 50 wk of age and the radius and tibia of each were removed for analysis. There were no differences between the Lohmann White and H&N White (White Leghorn) hens, likely because of their similar genetic background. The Lohmann Brown and the cross hens (brown-egg layers) were larger and they had heavier bones, but the bone density was not different from that of the other lines. The radius was heavier for hens kept in floor pens than for those kept in cages, but the tibia was not. When hens were kept in floor pens, both bones had greater cortical bone density and cross-sectional area, but the difference between housing systems in cortical bone cross-sectional area was much greater for the radius than it was for the tibia. Although the movement of hens in cages is limited, they spend a great deal of time standing, which puts a mechanical load on the tibia. Hens in floor pens are able to stretch their wings or fly, in contrast to hens kept in cages, which likely explains why the difference between housing systems in cortical bone was greater for the radius than for the tibia.

Forearm muscle size, strength, force, and power in relation to pQCT-derived bone strength at the radius in adults.

We aimed to examine the relationship between forearm muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), muscle force, or rate of torque development (RTD) and 2 estimated radius bone strength indices - compressive bone strength index (BSI) at the wrist and strength strain index in torsion (SSI(p)) at the shaft - in healthy middle-aged males and females. Distal (4%) and shaft (65%) sites of nondominant forearms were scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in a sample of 48 adults (mean age ± SD, 49.4 ± 2.4 y) to obtain estimated bone strength indices and MCSA. Muscle force, measured by grip dynamometry and wrist flexion RTD, was obtained using an isokinetic dynamometer. Hierarchical linear regressions, adjusted for weight, explained 27% and 36% of the BSI variance at the 4% site in males and premenopausal females, respectively (p < 0.05). At the radius shaft, weight explained 26% (p < 0.05) and 83% (p < 0.01) of SSI(p) variance. The unique variance of BSI explained by MCSA was 16% in males (p < 0.05) and 31% in females (p < 0.01). Grip force predicted variance in SSI(p) in males (p < 0.01) and BSI in females (p < 0.05). RTD did not explain any variance in BSI or SSI(p). Body weight was the only significant predictor (p < 0.05) of SSI(p) in females. Although forearm muscle size and grip strength are associated with estimates of radius bone strength at midlife, this relationship appears to be sex dependent. The differences observed between muscle size and strength properties and bone strength at distal and shaft sites of the radius suggest a property-, sex-, and site-specific relationship between muscle and bone in the forearm.

More forearm fractures among urban than rural women: the NOREPOS study based on the Tromsø study and the HUNT study.

Higher rates of hip fracture and all fractures combined have been observed in urban compared with rural areas, but whether there are urban-rural differences in distal forearm fracture rates is less studied. The aim of this longitudinal study was to compare the incidence of forearm fracture in postmenopausal women in urban and rural areas in Norway and to investigate risk factors that could explain potential fracture differences. The study included data from 11,209 women aged 65 years or more who participated in two large health studies, the Tromsø Health Study in 1994-1995 and the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in 1995-1997. Forearm bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by single-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a subsample of women (n = 7333) at baseline. All women were followed with respect to hospital-verified forearm fractures (median follow-up 6.3 years). A total of 9249 and 1960 women lived in areas classified as rural and urban, respectively. Urban women had an increased forearm fracture risk [relative risk (RR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.52] compared with women in rural areas. Rural women had higher body mass index (BMI) than urban women, and the RR was moderately reduced to 1.21 (95% CI 1.02-1.43) after BMI adjustments. Rural women had the highest BMD. In the subgroup with measured BMD, adjustments for BMD changed the urban versus rural RR from 1.21 (95% CI 0.96-1.52) to 1.05 (95% CI 0.83-1.32), suggesting that BMD is an important explanatory factor. In conclusion, higher rates of forearm fractures was found in urban compared with rural women.

Tracking of bone mass and density during childhood and adolescence.

CONTEXT: Whether a child with low bone mineral density (BMD) at one point in time will continue to have low BMD, despite continued growth and maturation, is important clinically. The stability of a characteristic during growth is referred to as "tracking." OBJECTIVE: We examined the degree of tracking in bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD during childhood and adolescence and investigated whether tracking varied according to age, sexual maturation, and changes in growth status. DESIGN: We conducted a longitudinal study with measurements at baseline and annually for 3 yr. SETTING: The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study was conducted at five clinical centers in the United States. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1554 girls and boys, ages 6-16 yr at baseline, participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whole body, spine, hip, and forearm BMC and BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and age-, sex-, and race-specific Z-scores were calculated. Deviation from tracking was calculated as the Z-score at yr 3 minus baseline. RESULTS: Correlations between Z-scores at baseline and yr 3 ranged from 0.76-0.88. Among children with a Z-score below -1.5 at baseline, 72-87% still had a Z-score below -1 after 3 yr. Age, sexual maturation, and deviations in growth status (P < 0.01) were associated with deviation from tracking; however, tracking was strongly evident even after adjusting for the effects of age, maturation, and growth. CONCLUSIONS: Bone density showed a high degree of tracking over 3 yr in children and adolescents. Healthy children with low bone density will likely continue to have low bone density unless effective interventions are instituted.

Age curves of bone mineral density at the distal radius and calcaneus in Koreans.

This study evaluated age-related changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and identified the peak bone mineral density (PBMD) in Koreans. We recruited 2929 subjects, ranging in age from 5 to 86 years, from three regions: Seoul, Siwha, and Gwangyang. The BMD at the distal radius and calcaneus were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and anthropometric measures were also obtained. PBMD was calculated from the highest mean in each age group. The PBMD at the distal radius was 0.514 +/- 0.06 g/cm(2) in females and 0.598 +/- 0.07 g/cm(2) in males. Peak ages for both sexes were the thirties. For the calcaneus, PBMD was 0.509 +/- 0.09 g/cm(2) in females and 0.629 +/- 0.09 g/cm(2) in males. Peak ages were the thirties for females and the twenties for males. These results could facilitate international or interracial comparisons and be used as reference data to screen for osteoporosis in Koreans.

The relationship between body composition and bone mineral content: threshold effects in a racially and ethnically diverse group of men.

UNLABELLED: We examined BMC and body composition in 1,209 black, Hispanic, and white men. Weight, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass were associated with BMC only up to certain thresholds, whereas lean mass exhibited more consistent associations. The protective influence of increased weight appears to be driven by lean mass. INTRODUCTION: Reduced body size is associated with decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk, but associations in men and racially/ethnically diverse populations remain understudied. We examined bone mineral content (BMC) at the hip, spine, and forearm as a function of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass (FM), and nonbone lean mass (LM). METHODS: The design was cross-sectional; 363 non-Hispanic black, 397 Hispanic, and 449 non-Hispanic white residents of greater Boston participated (N = 1,209, ages 30-79 y). BMC, LM, and FM were measured by DXA. Multiple linear regression was used to describe associations. RESULTS: Weight, BMI, waist circumference, and FM were associated with BMC only up to certain thresholds. LM, by contrast, displayed strong and consistent associations; in multivariate models, femoral neck BMC exhibited a 13% increase per 10 kg cross-sectional increase in LM. In models controlling for LM, positive associations between BMC and other body composition measures were eliminated. Results did not vary by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of increased body size in maintaining bone mass is likely due to the influence of lean tissue. These results suggest that maintenance of lean mass is the most promising strategy in maintaining bone health with advancing age.

Reattachment of the distal tendon of biceps: factors affecting the failure strength of the repair.

Operative fixation is the treatment of choice for a rupture of the distal tendon of biceps. A variety of techniques have been described including transosseous sutures and suture anchors. The poor quality of the bone of the radial tuberosity might affect the load to failure of the tendon repair in early rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to determine the loads to failure of different techniques of fixation and to investigate their association with the bone mineral density of the radial tuberosity. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was carried out to measure the trabecular and cortical bone mineral density of the radial tuberosity in 40 cadaver specimens. The loads to failure in four different techniques of fixation were determined. The Endobutton-based method showed the highest failure load at 270 N (sd 22) (p < 0.05). The mean failure load of the transosseous suture technique was 210 N (sd 66) and that of the TwinFix-QuickT 5.0 mm was 57 N (sd 22), significantly lower than those of all other repairs (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was seen between bone mineral density and loads to failure. The transosseous technique is an easy and cost-saving procedure for fixation of the distal biceps tendon. TwinFix-QuickT 5.0 mm had significantly lower failure loads, which might affect early rehabilitation, particularly in older patients.

Comparison of lead residues among avian bones.

To determine if significant differences exist in lead (Pb) accumulation in different bones, especially those most often used for bone-Pb studies in wildlife, we compared Pb concentrations in radius, ulna, humerus, femur, and tibia of Common Eider (Somateria mollissima); and radius/ulna (combined), femur, and tibia of American Woodcock (Scolopax minor). There were no significant differences in bone-Pb concentrations among woodcock bones over a wide range of Pb concentrations (3-311 microg/g). In eider, where bone-Pb concentrations were low (<10 microg/g), leg bones had significantly higher Pb concentrations (approximately 30-40%) than wing bones from the same individuals. The variation among individual birds was greater than the variation among different bones within a bird. Based on our findings, we conclude that one type of bone may be substituted for another in bone-Pb studies although the same bone type should be analyzed for all birds within a study, whenever possible.

Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral-deficient: new data in a historical perspective.

Using qualitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, some investigators have concluded that cement (reversal) lines located at the periphery of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized viscous interfaces with respect to surrounding bone. This conclusion contradicts historical observations of apparent highly mineralized (or collagen-deficient) cement lines in microradiographs. Such conclusions, however, may stem from unrecognized artifacts that can occur during scanning electron microscopy. These include specimen degradation due to high-energy beams and the sampling of electron interaction volumes that extend beyond target locations during EDX analysis. This study used quantitative BSE imaging and EDX analysis, each with relatively lower-energy beams, to test the hypothesis that cement lines are poorly mineralized. Undemineralized adult human femoral diaphyses (n = 8) and radial diaphyses (n = 5) were sectioned transversely, embedded in polymethyl methacrylate, and imaged in a scanning electron microscope for BSE and EDX analyses. Unembedded samples were also evaluated. Additional thin embedded samples were stained and evaluated with light microscopy and correlated BSE imaging. BSE analyses showed the consistent presence of a bright line (higher atomic number) coincident with the classical location and description of the cement line. This may represent relative hypermineralization or, alternatively, collagen deficiency with respect to surrounding bone. EDX analyses of cement lines showed either higher Ca content or equivalent Ca content when compared to distant osteonal and interstitial bone. These data reject the hypothesis that cement lines of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized.